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Developer glossary

60 terms, defined in plain English — what it means, why it matters, and the tools behind it. The dictionary half of AktifKoding.

Programming Concepts Web & API Rendering Database Architecture DevOps & Infra Security Testing

Programming Concepts

Design Pattern: Named, reusable solutions to recurring design problems.
SOLID: Five principles for object-oriented code that's easy to change.
DRY: Don't Repeat Yourself — every fact lives in one place.
Dependency: External code your project needs to build or run.
Semantic Versioning: MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH — what each version bump promises.
Static vs Dynamic Typing: Types checked before running (compile time) or while running.
Garbage Collection: The runtime frees memory you stopped using, automatically.

Web & API

API: A contract that lets two programs talk to each other.
REST: API design style built on resources, URLs and HTTP verbs.
GraphQL: Query language where the client picks exactly which fields it gets back.
gRPC: High-performance RPC over HTTP/2 with typed protobuf contracts.
WebSocket: A persistent, two-way connection between browser and server.
CORS: Browser rules that decide which websites may call an API.
CRUD: Create, Read, Update, Delete — the four basic data operations.
Idempotent: Safe to repeat: same result whether called once or ten times.
JSON: The standard text format for structured data on the web.
SDK: A packaged toolkit for building against a platform or API.

Rendering

SPA: One HTML page; JavaScript renders everything after that.
SSR: Server renders full HTML on each request.
SSG: Pages pre-built into HTML at deploy time.
ISR: Static pages that regenerate in the background on an interval.
Hydration: JavaScript attaches to server-rendered HTML and makes it interactive.

Database

ORM: Map database rows to objects so you query in your language, not SQL.
ACID: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability — transaction guarantees.
Transaction: A group of writes that all succeed together or not at all.
Database Index: A lookup structure that makes queries fast — at a small write cost.
N+1 Problem: One query for the list, then N more for each item's detail.
Migration: A versioned, repeatable script that changes the database schema.
Connection Pool: Reuse open database connections instead of paying for a new one per request.
Normalization: Structure relational data so each fact is stored exactly once.

Architecture

Microservices: Split a system into small services that deploy independently.
Monolith: One codebase, one deployable — all features inside it.
Event-Driven Architecture: Services react to events instead of calling each other directly.
Dependency Injection: Hand a component its dependencies instead of letting it build them.
Caching: Keep expensive results around so you don't compute them twice.
Load Balancer: Spread incoming traffic across multiple servers.
Stateless: Every request is self-contained; servers keep no memory of previous ones.

DevOps & Infra

Reverse Proxy: A server that sits in front of your app and forwards requests to it.
CI/CD: Automatically build and test every change (CI), then ship it (CD).
Container: Package an app with its dependencies so it runs the same everywhere.
Kubernetes: The orchestrator that runs, scales and heals containers across machines.
Infrastructure as Code: Define servers and cloud resources in reviewable, versioned files.
Serverless: Run code on demand; the provider manages servers and scaling.
Blue-Green Deployment: Run two identical environments; switch traffic between them to release.
CDN: Serve files from edge locations close to the user.
Observability: Logs, metrics and traces — the three signals that explain system behavior.

Security

Encryption: Scramble data so only key-holders can read it — and it's reversible.
Hashing: One-way fingerprint of data — verify without ever storing the original.
HTTPS / TLS: Encrypted, authenticated HTTP — the padlock in the address bar.
OAuth: The standard for 'log in with…' and delegated API access.
JWT: A signed token carrying claims — stateless auth's workhorse.
XSS: Injecting scripts into a page other users load.
CSRF: Tricking a victim's browser into sending authenticated requests.
CSP: A browser-enforced allowlist of what a page may load and run.
SQL Injection: User input rewritten as SQL — still a top breach vector.

Testing

TDD: Write a failing test first, then the code that passes it.
Unit Test: Test one function or module in isolation.
Integration Test: Test that pieces work together — real DB, real HTTP, no mocks.
E2E Test: Drive a real browser through a real user flow.
Mocking: Replace real dependencies with controllable fakes in tests.